Anatexis and fluid regime of the deep continental crust: New clues from melt and fluid inclusions in metapelitic migmatites from Ivrea Zone (NW Italy)     

Bruna B. Carvalho  Omar Bartoli  Fabio Ferri  Bernardo Cesare  Silvio Ferrero  Laurent Remusat  Luca S. Capizzi  Stefano Poli 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(7):951-975

We investigate the inclusions hosted in peritectic garnet from metapelitic migmatites of the Kinzigite Formation (Ivrea Zone, NW Italy) to evaluate the starting composition of the anatectic melt and fluid regime during anatexis throughout the upper amphibolite facies, transition, and granulite facies zones. Inclusions have negative crystal shapes, sizes from 2 to 10 μm and are regularly distributed in the core of the garnet. Microstructural and micro‐Raman investigations indicate the presence of two types of inclusions: crystallized silicate melt inclusions (i.e., nanogranitoids, NI), and fluid inclusions (FI). Microstructural evidence suggests that FI and NI coexist in the same cluster and are primary (i.e., were trapped simultaneously during garnet growth). FI have similar compositions in the three zones and comprise variable proportions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂, commonly with siderite, pyrophyllite, and kaolinite, suggesting a COHN composition of the trapped fluid. The mineral assemblage in the NI contains K‐feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, graphite and, rarely, calcite. Polymorphs such as kumdykolite, cristobalite, tridymite, and less commonly kokchetavite, were also found. Rehomogenized NI from the different zones show that all the melts are leucogranitic but have slightly different compositions. In samples from the upper amphibolite facies, melts are less mafic (FeO + MgO = 2.0–3.4 wt%), contain 860–1700 ppm CO₂ and reach the highest H₂O contents (6.5–10 wt%). In the transition zone melts have intermediate H₂O (4.8–8.5 wt%), CO₂ (457–1534 ppm) and maficity (FeO + MgO = 2.3–3.9 wt%). In contrast, melts at granulite facies reach highest CaO, FeO + MgO (3.2–4.7 wt%), and CO₂ (up to 2,400 ppm), with H₂O contents comparable (5.4–8.3 wt%) to the other two zones. Our results represent the first clear evidence for carbonic fluid‐present melting in the Ivrea Zone. Anatexis of metapelites occurred through muscovite and biotite breakdown melting in the presence of a COH fluid, in a situation of fluid–melt immiscibility. The fluid is assumed to have been internally derived, produced initially by devolatilization of hydrous silicates in the graphitic protolith, then as a result of oxidation of carbon by consumption of Fe³⁺‐bearing biotite during melting. Variations in the compositions of the melts are interpreted to result from higher T of melting. The H₂O contents of the melts throughout the three zones are higher than usually assumed for initial H₂O contents of anatectic melts. The CO₂ contents are highest at granulite facies, and show that carbon‐contents of crustal magmas are not negligible at high T. The activity of H₂O of the fluid dissolved in granitic melts decreases with increasing metamorphic grade. Carbonic fluid‐present melting of the deep continental crust represents, together with hydrate‐breakdown melting reactions, an important process in the origin of crustal anatectic granitoids.  相似文献   

Averaged model to study long-term dynamics of a probe about Mercury     

Eva Tresaco  Jean Paulo S. Carvalho  Antonio F. B. A. Prado  Antonio Elipe  Rodolpho Vilhena de Moraes 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2018,130(2):9

This paper provides a method for finding initial conditions of frozen orbits for a probe around Mercury. Frozen orbits are those whose orbital elements remain constant on average. Thus, at the same point in each orbit, the satellite always passes at the same altitude. This is very interesting for scientific missions that require close inspection of any celestial body. The orbital dynamics of an artificial satellite about Mercury is governed by the potential attraction of the main body. Besides the Keplerian attraction, we consider the inhomogeneities of the potential of the central body. We include secondary terms of Mercury gravity field from \(J_2\) up to \(J_6\), and the tesseral harmonics \(\overline{C}_{22}\) that is of the same magnitude than zonal \(J_2\). In the case of science missions about Mercury, it is also important to consider third-body perturbation (Sun). Circular restricted three body problem can not be applied to Mercury–Sun system due to its non-negligible orbital eccentricity. Besides the harmonics coefficients of Mercury’s gravitational potential, and the Sun gravitational perturbation, our average model also includes Solar acceleration pressure. This simplified model captures the majority of the dynamics of low and high orbits about Mercury. In order to capture the dominant characteristics of the dynamics, short-period terms of the system are removed applying a double-averaging technique. This algorithm is a two-fold process which firstly averages over the period of the satellite, and secondly averages with respect to the period of the third body. This simplified Hamiltonian model is introduced in the Lagrange Planetary equations. Thus, frozen orbits are characterized by a surface depending on three variables: the orbital semimajor axis, eccentricity and inclination. We find frozen orbits for an average altitude of 400 and 1000 km, which are the predicted values for the BepiColombo mission. Finally, the paper delves into the orbital stability of frozen orbits and the temporal evolution of the eccentricity of these orbits.  相似文献   

Transverse and longitudinal fluid flow modelling in fractured porous media with non‐matching meshes     

Behnam V. Damirchi  Marcelo R. Carvalho  Luís A. G. Bitencourt  Osvaldo L. Manzoli  Daniel Dias‐da‐Costa 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2021,45(1):83-107

A new discrete fracture model is introduced to simulate the steady‐state fluid flow in discontinuous porous media. The formulation uses a multi‐layered approach to capture the effect of both longitudinal and transverse permeability of the discontinuities in the pressure distribution. The formulation allows the independent discretisation of mesh and discontinuities, which do not need to conform. Given that the formulation is developed at the element level, no additional degrees of freedom or special integration procedures are required for coupling the non‐conforming meshes. The proposed model is shown to be reliable regardless of the permeability of the discontinuity being higher or lower than the surrounding domain. Four numerical examples of increasing complexity are solved to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the new technique when compared with results available in the literature. Results show that the proposed method can simulate the fluid pressure distribution in fractured porous media. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis demonstrated the stability regarding the condition number for wide range values of the coupling parameter.  相似文献   

Identifying oceanographic conditions conducive to coastal impacts on temperate open coastal beaches     

Leach  Chloe  Hague  Ben S.  Kennedy  David M.  Carvalho  Rafael C.  Ierodiaconou  Daniel 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):499-521

Natural Hazards - Warnings issued by meteorological or oceanographic agencies are a common means of allowing people to prepare for likely impactful events. Quantifying the relationships between...  相似文献   

Tidal variation in a rocky inter‐tidal fish population: the case of white seabream Diplodus sargus juveniles          下载免费PDF全文

Ana Ribeiro Gonçalves  Liliana de Sousa  Pedro Duarte‐Coelho  Vitor Carvalho Almada 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(4):1468-1471

The rocky inter‐tidal habitat is a harsh and fluctuating environment, subject to frequent disturbances. Field observations of juvenile white seabream Diplodus sargus in inter‐tidal rocky habitats were conducted to analyse the spatial distribution and feeding activity of this species in relation to the tidal cycle. The depth at which fish were observed did not change in most tidal phases while feeding activity changed with tidal level, showing the occurrence of tidal migrations and that feeding may be limited by habitat availability in shallow waters and thus be dependent on tidal changes. The present results show the exploitation of available feeding areas in the rocky inter‐tidal by juvenile white seabream, which corroborates the importance of these habitats for the first developmental stages of this fish species.  相似文献   

Evaluation of an intrinsic and a specific vulnerability assessment method in comparison with groundwater salinisation and nitrate contamination levels in two agricultural regions in the south of Portugal   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

T. Y. Stigter  L. Ribeiro  A. M. M. Carvalho Dill 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(1-2):79-99

The applicability of two vulnerability assessment methods in evaluating the impact of agricultural activities on groundwater quality, is tested in two areas in the south of Portugal with modest results. Intensive citri- and horticulture require large amounts of fertiliser and water supplied by irrigation, which induces groundwater salinisation and contamination by nitrates. The degree of contamination varies highly within and between the study areas and is related to hydrogeological factors as well as intensity of agricultural practices. Vulnerability mapping is performed with the intrinsic DRASTIC method and the specific Susceptibility Index (SI), which is an adaptation of DRASTIC. These methods can constitute useful groundwater management tools, for instance when designating new Nitrate Vulnerable Zones as defined in the European Directive 91/676/EEC. However, in the case of DRASTIC, little correspondence exists between the most vulnerable and the most contaminated areas. This is mainly a result of underestimating the dilution capacity and overemphasising the attenuating potential of the unsaturated zone and aquifer, as both chloride and nitrate prove to be very stable contaminants. By including a parameter for land use, SI manages to produce more reliable results, although in many areas the vulnerability is overestimated.

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Resumen Se evalúa la aplicabilidad de dos métodos de estimación de vulnerabilidad en evaluar el impacto de actividades agrícolas en la calidad del agua subterránea para dos áreas en el sur de Portugal obteniendo resultados modestos. La horticultura y citricultura intensiva requiere grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y agua abastecida por riego, lo cual induce salinización de agua subterránea y contaminación por nitratos. El grado de contaminación varía fuertemente dentro y entre las áreas de estudio y se relaciona con factores hidrogeológicos así como con la intensidad de las prácticas agrícolas. El mapeo de vulnerabilidad se lleva a cabo con el método intrínsico DRASTIC y el Índice de Susceptibilidad específica (SI), el cual es una adaptación de DRASTIC. Estos métodos pueden constituir herramientas de manejo de aguas subterráneas útiles, por ejemplo al designar nuevas Zonas Vulnerables por Nitratos del modo que se definen en la Directiva Europea 91/676/EEC. Sin embargo, en el caso de DRASTIC, existen poca correspondencia entre las zonas más vulnerables y las áreas más contaminadas. Esto se debe principalmente a la subestimación de la capacidad de dilución y a al sobre énfasis del potencial de atenuación de la zona no saturada y el acuífero, ya que tanto cloruro como nitrato han probado ser contaminantes muy estables. Al incluir un parámetro del uso de la tierra, SI genera resultados más confiables, aunque en muchas áreas se sobrestima la vulnerabilidad.

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Résumé Lapplication de deux méthodes de calcul de la vulnérabilité permettant dévaluer limpact des activités agricoles sur la qualité des eaux souterraines, est testée dans deux zones du Sud du Portugal, avec des résultats modestes. La citriculture et lhorticulture intensives nécessitent de grandes quantités e fertilisants et deau souterraine pour lirrigation, ce qui induit la salinisation et la contamination des eaux souterraines par les nitrates. Le degré de contamination varie grandement à lintérieur et entre les zones détudes, en fonction des facteurs hydrogéologiques et de lintensité des pratiques agricoles. La cartographie de la vulnérabilité est mise en oeuvre via la méthodologie DRASTIC et lIndex de Susceptibilité (SI) spécifique, qui est une adaptation de la méthode DRASTIC. Ces méthodes êuvent constituer des outils de management des eaux souterraines, par exemple lors de la désignation de nouvelles zones de vulnérabilité aux Nitrates selon la n Directive Européenne 91/676/EEC. Par ailleurs dans le cas de DRASTIC, de petites correspondances existent entre les zones les plus vulnérables et les plus contaminées. Ceci est principalement le résultat dune sous-estimation de la capacité de dilution et de la sur-accentuation du potentiel datténuation de la zone non-saturée de laquifère, car et le chlore et les nitrates sont des contaminants très stables. En incluant un paramètre dutilisation des sols, SI produit des résultats plus réalistes, bien que dans de nombreuses zones la vulnérabilité soit surestimée.

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A fast Bayesian approach to discrete object detection in astronomical data sets – PowellSnakes I     

Pedro Carvalho  Graça Rocha  M. P. Hobson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,393(3):681-702

A new fast Bayesian approach is introduced for the detection of discrete objects immersed in a diffuse background. This new method, called PowellSnakes, speeds up traditional Bayesian techniques by (i) replacing the standard form of the likelihood for the parameters characterizing the discrete objects by an alternative exact form that is much quicker to evaluate; (ii) using a simultaneous multiple minimization code based on Powell's direction set algorithm to locate rapidly the local maxima in the posterior and (iii) deciding whether each located posterior peak corresponds to a real object by performing a Bayesian model selection using an approximate evidence value based on a local Gaussian approximation to the peak. The construction of this Gaussian approximation also provides the covariance matrix of the uncertainties in the derived parameter values for the object in question. This new approach provides a speed up in performance by a factor of '100' as compared to existing Bayesian source extraction methods that use Monte Carlo Markov chain to explore the parameter space, such as that presented by Hobson & McLachlan. The method can be implemented in either real or Fourier space. In the case of objects embedded in a homogeneous random field, working in Fourier space provides a further speed up that takes advantage of the fact that the correlation matrix of the background is circulant. We illustrate the capabilities of the method by applying to some simplified toy models. Furthermore, PowellSnakes has the advantage of consistently defining the threshold for acceptance/rejection based on priors which cannot be said of the frequentist methods. We present here the first implementation of this technique (version I). Further improvements to this implementation are currently under investigation and will be published shortly. The application of the method to realistic simulated Planck observations will be presented in a forthcoming publication.  相似文献   

Some orbital characteristics of lunar artificial satellites     

J. P. S. Carvalho  R. Vilhena de Moraes  A. F. B. A. Prado 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2010,108(4):371-388

In this paper we present an analytical theory with numerical simulations to study the orbital motion of lunar artificial satellites. We consider the problem of an artificial satellite perturbed by the non-uniform distribution of mass of the Moon and by a third-body in elliptical orbit (Earth is considered). Legendre polynomials are expanded in powers of the eccentricity up to the degree four and are used for the disturbing potential due to the third-body. We show a new approximated equation to compute the critical semi-major axis for the orbit of the satellite. Lie-Hori perturbation method up to the second-order is applied to eliminate the terms of short-period of the disturbing potential. Coupling terms are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the case of frozen orbits and critical inclination. Numerical simulations for hypothetical lunar artificial satellites are performed, considering that the perturbations are acting together or one at a time.  相似文献   

The impact of spatial resolution on area burned and fire occurrence projections in Portugal under climate change     

Anabela Carvalho  Mike D. Flannigan  Kim A. Logan  Lynn M. Gowman  Ana Isabel Miranda  Carlos Borrego 《Climatic change》2010,98(1-2):177-197

In this study, we investigated the impact of future climate change on fire activity in 12 districts across Portugal. Using historical relationships and the HIRHAM (High Resolution Hamburg Model) 12 and 25 km climate simulations, we assessed the fire weather and subsequent fire activity under a 2 × CO₂ scenario. We found that the fire activity prediction was not affected by the spatial resolution of the climate model used (12 vs. 25 km). Future area burned is predicted to increase 478% for Portugal as a whole, which equates to an increase from 1.4% to 7.8% of the available burnable area burning annually. Fire occurrence will also see a dramatic increase (279%) for all of Portugal. There is significant spatial variation within these results; the north and central districts of the country generally will see larger increases in fire activity.  相似文献   

Stratigraphy of the tectonically imbricated lithological succession of the Neves Corvo mine area,Iberian Pyrite Belt,Portugal     

J.?Tomás?Oliveira  Zélia?PereiraEmail author  Pedro?Carvalho  Nelson?Pacheco  Dieter?Korn 《Mineralium Deposita》2004,39(4):422-436

Biostratigraphic research, based on palynomorphs and ammonoids, of the tectonically imbricated lithological succession of the Neves Corvo mine, in the Portuguese part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, has yielded ages for all formerly recognised lithostratigraphic units. These can be assembled in three main lithological sequences: (1) detrital sandy/shale substrate (Phyllite-Quartzite Formation) of late Famennian age; (2) Volcano-Sedimentary Complex, divided into a lower and an upper suite, in which one basic, three dolerite sills and four felsic volcanic units and a mineralised package of massive sulphides are identified with ages which range from the late Famennian to the late Visean; (3) flysch succession (Mértola Formation) composed of shale and greywacke dated as late Visean to early Serpukhovian. Precise biostratigraphic dating of the sedimentrary host rocks of massive sulphide mineralisation constrains the age of the latter to the late Strunian (354.8–354.0 Ma). Three stratigraphic hiatuses, corresponding to early/middle Strunian, Tournaisian and early Visean respectively and a south-westward progressive unconformity were also recognised. Sequences 1 and 2 are related to extensional episodes while sequence 3 marks the beginning of compressive tectonic inversion which gave rise to south-westward flysch progradation in close relation to a foreland basin development. Our results lead to the reinterpretation of the tectonic structure of the Neves Corvo mine, with implications for the interpretation of the regional basin dynamics and metal exploration.Editorial handling: F. Tornos  相似文献